Geoffrey Chaucer
translation: A. S. Kline

TROILUS AND CRESSIDA
Book III: The Consummation
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Notes to Book III

BkIII:1 The Third Heaven: In the Ptolemaic system the seven planets moved in their own spheres or heavens. From the stationary central earth the spheres were those of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The eighth sphere was that of the fixed stars. Venus therefore holds the ‘third heaven’.

BkIII:7 Calliope: The Muse of epic poetry. The mother of Orpheus.

BkIII:59 Polyxene: The daughter of King Priam and Hecuba of Troy. See Ovid’s metamorphoses Book XIII:429-480. She is sacrificed to appease the ghost of Achilles.

BkIII:85 Tantalus: The king of Phrygia, son of Jupiter, father of Pelops and Niobe. He served his son Pelops to the gods at a banquet and was punished by eternal thirst in Hades.

BkIII:88 Wade:Wace (?) the Anglo-Norman poet (c1100-1175), born in Jersey, made canon of Bayeux by Henry II of England. His major works were the Roman de Rou concerning the history of Normandy, and the Roman de Brut, a free translation of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain, dedicated to Eleanor of Aquitaine and containing material relating to the Arthurian legend.

BkIII:90 Joined in Cancer: The relatively rare conjunction of the new Moon with Saturn and Jupiter in Cancer, occurred in the spring of 1385.

BkIII:103 Adonis: In Greek myth the son of Myrrha by her father Cinyras, born after her transformation into a myrrh-tree. (As such he is a vegetation god born from the heart of the wood.) Venus fell in love with him. He was killed by a wild boar that gashed his thigh. His blood became the windflower, the anemone. Adonis is the hellenised form of the Semetic adoni, Lord, and identifies him with Tammuz the vegetation God of the Lebanon and Phoenicia. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses Book X:503-559.

BkIII:104 Europa, Cypris, Daphne: Europe (Europa) was the daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, abducted by Jupiter disguised as a white bull. Cypris was beloved by Mars. Daphne was the Daughter of Peneus the river-god, loved and pursued by Phoebus Apollo. See Ovid’s Metamorphoses Book I:525-552. She was turned into the laurel bough.

BkIII:105 Herse, Diana, The Fates: One of the three daughters of King Cecrops. The most beautiful of the Athenian virgins and admired by Mercury.  See Ovid’s Metamorphoses Book II:711-832. Mercury elicited the help of her sister Aglauros. Envy poisoned her heart and she was ultimately turned to stone.

BkIII:134: Dilemma: The text uses the term Dulcarnon from the Arabic du’lqarnayn, meaning two-horned, a name given to Euclid’s forty-seventh proposition in his First Book. Pandarus confuses this with the fifth of the First Book known as flemyng of wrecches (the scourge of wretches) known nowadays as the Pons Asinorum or Ass’s Bridge.

BkIII:180: Cytherea and Hymen: Cytherea is an epithet for Venus from Cythera, the Aegean island, sacred to Venus- Aphrodite who rose from the sea there. Hymen or Hymenaeus was the god of (...)

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